#61
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εγω θα σας τρελανω?
το δικο σου το ξυλο ειναι |
#62
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ΔΕΝ έχω λόγια!!!!!!
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#63
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Γίνανε 2 οι μανιτάρες;
Εντυπωσιάστηκα, μπράβο. Παλάβωσέ μας τώρα και βάλε στο ενυδρείο και ένα κοπαδάκι από στρουμφακια! |
#64
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χαχαχα!
θα βγουνε κιαλλα σιγουρα.πρεπει μονο να καθαρισω λιγο τα τζαμια και να βγαλω μια φωτο ολοκληρο το ενυδρειο. περιμενω να φυγουνε τα μικρα για να μπορεσω να βαλω το ψαρι που εχω στη λιμνη. |
#65
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εψαχνα αρκετο καιρο να βρω το αρθρο του Dr. J Goldstein σχετικα με τα water conditioners που χρησιμοποιουμε.
αρχικα νομιζα πως προκειται για μελετη,αλλα τελικα ανακαλυψα μετα την απαντηση του πως επροκειτο για αρθρο που εγραψε στο περιοδικο PET AGE το 2002. Ο Δρ Γκολντστιν ειναι ο συγγραφεας του βιβλιου "Τhe Betta Handbook" και πολλων αλλων βιβλιων σχετικα με το ενυδρειακο χομπι. Tον ευχαριστω πολυ και παραθετω το email του αυτουσιο,νομιζω ειναι ενδιαφερον το αρθρο...(προσεξτε και το τελευταιο κομματι οπου αναφερεται στα φυλλα καταπα) σορυ αλλα η μεταφραση θα παρει αρκετο χρονο γιατι δεν προλαβαινω... το αναρτω εδω γιατι το αναφερω πιο πισω σε παλιοτερο ποστ. Hello George - That article was written for Pet Age, a trade magazine. Iʼve copied it and include it with this email. – Robert Goldstein ert J. Goldstein, Ph.D. Copyright 2002 Water Conditioners and Additives by Robert J. Goldstein, Ph.D. Dealers know the value of pH adjusters and buffers (phosphoric acids, biphosphates, etc.), hardeners (calcium and magnesium salts), ion removing water softeners (clinoptilolite, specialized resins), color removers (carbon, peroxides, ionized oxygen), chlorine removers (thiosulfate, ascorbic acid), ammonia removers (ion exchange resins, hydroxymethanesulfonate), stress coatings (aloe), plant nutrients (iron, trace elements), and myriad medications. They also know that most of the chemicals for the pet trade are not manufactured just for tropical fishes, but repackaged from bulk supplies produced largely for other markets. The repackagers may purchase generic chemicals from a scientific supply house or bulk (sometimes expired) pesticides and antimicrobial compounds from aquaculture or veterinary pharmaceutical manufacturers or suppliers. What it takes to get a completely new product to market depends on working with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). For several reasons (mostly misunderstanding), this "gummint" involvement has the pet industry in a tizzy. Nine out of ten companies I contacted refused to talk to me about the issue. Why? For insight, I contacted the American Pet Products Manufacturers Association (APPMA) because of the legal issues that so concern industry reps. Gina Valeri, counsel to APPMA, gave me a short overview, and then directed me to EPA's Office of Pesticide Programs. EPA is a partner (some would say in the Tony Soprano sense) of pet industry repackagers because of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). Marc Weiss of Fort Lauderdale alerted me to this nexus when I asked about product labeling. I'd always thought it was tough to get effective medications to the pet market because they weren't available for tropical fish use due to concerns about cancer (malachite green), general toxicity (formalin), and other reasons. I was wrong. "The ingredients aren't the problem," Weiss advised, "The problem is the consequence of inadvertently using labeling language that contravenes FIFRA guidelines." Many manufacturers want to avoid triggering the guidelines because of the paperwork and costs associated with FIFRA consistency, and not because the chemicals are unavailable for pet use. It was a lesson I was to hear time and again from manufacturers wary of being interviewed for this story because of fear of unwanted EPA attention or (I suspect) the attention of the companies that owned the legal rights to market these drugs. As you can see, the plot thickens. I decided to talk to the people who enforce FIFRA rules affecting the pet industry. But first, you need to understand EPA's perspective. If a company claims its products kill, retard, or otherwise adversely affect nuisances or pests, then that product is a pesticide. EPA interprets 'pesticide' broadly. If something claims to kill algae (whether it does or does not), then under FIFRA it's a pesticide. EPA considers removal of pond scum a pesticide activity, since pond scum is a noxious growth of nuisance (pest) algae. Algal removers or limiters that remove phosphates, prevent or clear up green water, or prevent algal or bacterial blooms are a promotion of the product as a pesticide under FIFRA. It's almost impossible to make a water quality improvement claim without triggering FIFRA. That leaves pet industry repackagers and manufacturers biting the bullet or the dust, and sometimes left to making insipid statements of no value to consumers. Hence the vague labels. For the fishdom fearless, what is biting the bullet? Well, we're talking here about a machine gun and lots of bullets. If a product is a pesticide, then it must be registered with the government. That requires identifying its chemistry (even for proprietary products), and certifying the safety and effectiveness studies and data on which the claim is based. That means laboratory studies that can stand peer review. For information on ramblng through registration, go to http://www.epa.gov./pesticides/registrationkit. It's a good education in the hurdles to be overcome when bringing a product to market. There are page after page of links to page after page. Attorneys will salivate. Among potential entrepreneurs, the men will be separated from the boys. The surviving happy campers in the pet industry who have jumped through the hoops now dominate the pet shop market and you'll recognize the big names. Some are old companies, others new on the block, but they all play by rigorous rules, no matter how complex, egregious or expensive. To make an omelet, you not only have to break some eggs, but you've also got to buy them from a professional or risk laying your own. I spoke with Phil Hutton of EPA's Office of Regulatory Enforcement, Division of Toxics and Pesticides Enforcement (1-703-308-8260). Hutton laid out the two separate agencies and two separate issues that drive EPA and FDA in how they approach pet industry labeling. "FIFRA is an act denoting intent," Hutton explained. If a product is intended for a certain use, then it is covered under the Act. If a water additive is, for example, intended to control algae or external parasites, then it typically would fall under FIFRA and be enforced by EPA. On the other hand, anthelminthics (anti-wormers) and many other internal parasite medications usually are reviewed under the aegis of the FDA. Internal medicaments are most often initially registered for veterinary use. Depending on route of administration, a fish medication might come under one or the other agency, but you don't have to register twice because both agencies have short forms for acknowledging that another federal agency has already given approval. Here's the first key issue. If the veterinary or medical manufacturer has already registered his product for an approved use and now wants to market it for aquarium use, then that manufacturer must provide the original approved data attesting to its safety and effectiveness and add new information describing (and justifying) the new schedule for aquarium fish use (dose, frequency, body weight if applicable). This regulation is similar to that incumbent upon any pharmaceutical house intending to bring a new human or animal drug to market, typically after years of development and testing. The second issue applies largely to repackagers. If a repackager wants to market that same product as described above, then he must either purchase and submit the previously EPA- or FDA-approved supporting data package from the original company to support this new product registration, or become licensed by that company to use the original registration information. In other words, if it isn't yours to sell, you can't sell it. There are minor hoops to go through, but the important point is this - you cannot repackage and sell something for which another company did the research and registration without their approval, and you should plan on paying for that cooperation so the investing company can recover some of its development costs. That's the bottom line. It's not so different from licensing the name Nike or Mickey Mouse for your product. FIFRA and the EPA and FDA regulations protect the consuming public from bad drugs, the developers (and their patents or licenses) from patent infringement, and others who have invested in bringing a product to market and proving its safety and effectiveness. If you want to get into the business, it's going to be more complicated and expensive than having your kid steal a music video off the web. The pet industry has several reputable companies who have no problem with FIFRA or EPA/FDA limits on labeling and other rules for providing background data directly or through license agreements. Their labels provide a list of ingredients (except where proprietary) and advertise specific uses allowed under the guidelines. My cursory evaluation revealed that the uses advertised generally seem legitimate and in line with the law and spirit of labeling requirements. The old snake-oil approach is fast disappearing from pet store shelves (although it still remains through direct advertising in consumer magazines). Who are these guys who play by the rules? There are many, and most of their products are the standards used for chlorine removal and other common needs itemized in the first paragraph of this article. There are a surprising number of completely new products on the market. I've selected some particularly innovative ones based on unusual approaches I thought you'd appreciate. Controlled Release Medicaments Virbac Animal Health of Fort Worth, Texas ((1-817-831-5030) is the new owner of Mardel, a leading repackager of medications and water additives. They bring a delivery technology (called BioSpheres) to additives in the form of sticky, heavy microspherical granules encapsulating plant nutrients, medicaments, or synthetic mucus coatings. The products are layered with concentric rings of additive, resulting in a controlled release optimizing dosing. The ingredients of the plant nutrient are the essential elements magnesium, manganese, zinc and cobalt, with sodium and calcium as carriers. There are no nitrogen or phosphorus compounds, so the granules won't induce algal blooms. Granules sink to the bottom and adhere to plant roots, but are not available to drifting algae. This is a smart bomb. Virbac's Stress Therapy BioSpheres are promoted as a calming agent with healing properties with the caution that it does not eliminate chlorine (that requires a separate chlorine/chloramine remover). Stress Therapy contains herbal extracts (whose concentrations of active ingredients can vary, so I'm not keen on their use) and chitosan, claimed to have a molecular structure similar to the mucus coat of fish. According to the Aldrich Handbook of Fine Chemicals and Laboratory Equipment (2000-2001 edition), chitosan is a polymer of d-glucosamine commercially extracted from crab shells. Because polymers of d-glucosamine are close to the basic structure of fish mucus, Virbac's claim, in my view, is reasonable. Another product, AntiBacteria BioSpheres, is made of trimethoprin and sulfonamides, "two powerful antibiotics." To be a stickler, both are technically antimicrobials but not antibiotics because they are synthetic products not occurring in nature. Trimethoprin and trimethoprim are slightly different preparations of diamino (trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine and sulfamethoxazole (a sulfonamide). Both drug combinations are in use for treating Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in HIV and AIDS patients and urinary tract and other kinds of infections in other immunocompromised patients. It is reasonable to believe it will be effective for treating many kinds of microbes that affect stressed fishes. Microbial Enzyme Preparations American Biotek Labs (http://www.biotecklabs.com/products.htm) is an industrial company (not a pet industry company) offering enzymatic preparations similar to those of several pet industry companies. The products are mixtures of dried microbes and nutrients that result in bacterial blooms generating voluminous amounts of enzymes that decompose sludge, organic waste, and even petroleum. The products are trade-named "Microzyme" and specific preparations clean up sludge and sediments in ponds and lakes (Pond Treat), agricultural and human wastewater ponds (Lagoon Treat, Odor Treat), and even restaurant and sewer grease traps (SaniBar). Several aquarium products are similar, with bacterial mixes that produce a lot of lipases (to digest oils and fats), amylases (to digest plant starches), xylanase, lignase and cellulase (to break down xylan, lignan and cellulose in plants), protease (to digest animal proteins), and even keratinase (to digest scales, hair and wool). The cultures are all saprophytes (things like fungi and many bacteria that live on dead organic matter) that pose no threat to aquatic or other animals. When the substrates upon which these enzymes act have been decomposed, the organisms die off for lack of food or go into a resting state. Some marine preparations on the market are the same as the freshwater formulations because the microbes are indifferent to the minor range of salinities. When you see various pet industry repackagers offering variants on sludge-busters, you can anticipate that a company like American Biotek Labs was the source of the bulk material. And then you can go to their web site to see the ingredients. And Ich Treatment to Dye For On the research front, look for a new Ichthyophthirius multifilis (ich) medication to appear on shelves in the next couple of years. Phloxine B, already approved for human drugs and cosmetics, is a halogenated xanthene activated by light and effective at 10 to 1000 ppm against different targets. Researchers at Jacksonville State University in Alabama are testing it on ich now, based on data from studies on Tetrahymena. Think of the novel approach! Add it to the aquarium and turn on bright lights to activate the drug and knock out the ich. The Chemical Basis of Folk Medicine Marc Weiss Companies of Fort Lauderdale, FL (1-954-894-9222) has several specialized products based on vitamin precursors, amino acids, fatty acids, and nucleic acids, plus microbial preparations for the digestion and elimination of sludge. The specific products that got my attention are Keta-Peat and Keta-Vital made from the Ketapang tree. This isn't just another blackwater tonic. Here's some background. In the tropics there is a widely used coastal zone tree called the talisay, Indian oak, or wild almond (Terminalia catappa) in the plant family Combretaceae. The large, leathery leaves are used in folk medicine to treat infections, indigestion, and other medical conditions. The water extract makes a pharmacologically powerful tea and the alcohol extract releases additional powerful drugs. In southeast Asia, betta breeders add a dried leaf to provide a surface for the bubblenest and to leach substances that protect the fry from diseases. As the leaves decay, they also provide detritus to grow extract-resistant infusoria for the babies. Of 35 aromatic (ring structure) substances identified from these leaves, noteworthy were benzene-acetaldehyde, acetones, and sabinen-hydrate. The first is strongly antimicrobial, and several of the 35 others destroy microbial cell membranes. Weiss advised that the Ketapang is not T. catappa, but a relative. Two related trees (T. arjuna and T. chebula) studied in laboratories are known sources of additional powerful drugs. For example, the bark, stem, and leaves of one kind reduces angina and improves heart function, and the other kind is strongly antibacterial and antiprotozoal. The leaves of both kinds of trees must be used sparingly, as too much raw material at once (e.g., browsing on leaves) was reported as lethal to birds and livestock. Extracts have been found effective against the gonnorhea bacterium, candida yeast, the Helicobacter bacterium causing stomach ulcers, and many other microbes. Members of some aquarium fish specialty groups get these tropical ornamental trees from California or Hawaii nurseries and grow their own for fish room application of the leaves and bark. -30- Πηγη: DR. J.Goldstein Ph.D Pet Age magazine 2002 |
#66
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το γραφω εδω πριν ανοιξω την αγγελια μεσα στις επομενες δυο-τρεις μερες.
αν ενδιαφερεται κανεις για F1 mahachai,ετοιμαστε ενυδρεια προειδοποιησα,και προτεραιοτητα θα δοθει σε οσους θελουνε να τα αναπαραγουνε |
#67
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μπραβο Γιωργο ειναι πολυ ενδιαφεροντα αυτα που γραφει και μια ερωτηση(τα φυτα ειναι eichornia crassipes,salvinia auriculata,και azola) που μπορουν να βρεθουν;
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#68
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eichornia και salvinia εχω κιεγω να σου δωσω αν θες.αζολα δεν εχω αυτη τη στιγμη.θα βρω τη διευθυνση του τυπου με το φυτωριο στο μαραθωνα και θα σου πω.
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Συνδεδεμένοι χρήστες που διαβάζουν αυτό το θέμα: 1 (0 μέλη και 1 επισκέπτες) | |
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